The etymology of the theonym prometheus is debated. The three most prominent aspects of the Prometheus myth have parallels within the beliefs of many cultures throughout the world (see creation of man from clay, theft of fire, and references for eternal punishment). An adaptation of Goethe's poetic version of the myth was composed by Hugo Wolf, Prometheus (Bedecke deinen Himmel, Zeus, 1889), as part of his Goethe-lieder for voice and piano,[90] later transcribed for orchestra and voice. [11] That Prometheus descends from the Vedic fire bringer Mātariśvan was suggested in the 19th century, lost favour in the 20th century, but is still supported by some. A variant tradition makes Prometheus the son of Hera like Hephaistos. As stated by Raggio,[66] "The text of Fulgentius, as well as that of (Marcus) Servius [...] are the main sources of the mythological handbooks written in the ninth century by the anonymous Mythographus Primus and Mythographus Secundus. [36], Other minor details attached to the myth include: the duration of Prometheus' torment;[52][53] the origin of the eagle that ate the Titan's liver (found in Pseudo-Apollodorus and Hyginus); Pandora's marriage to Epimetheus (found in Pseudo-Apollodorus); myths surrounding the life of Prometheus' son, Deucalion (found in Ovid and Apollonius of Rhodes); and Prometheus' marginal role in the myth of Jason and the Argonauts (found in Apollonius of Rhodes and Valerius Flaccus).[36]. [31] Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein is subtitled "The Modern Prometheus", in reference to the novel's themes of the over-reaching of modern humanity into dangerous areas of knowledge. The symbolic import for comparative religion would maintain that suffering related to justified conduct is redeemed in both the Hebrew scriptures and the New Testament narratives, while in Prometheus there remains the image of a non-forgiving deity, Zeus, who nonetheless requires reverence. For this act Zeus has ordered that he be Of the four symbols of suffering associated with Jesus after his trial in Jerusalem (i) the crown of thorns, (ii) the scourge of whips, (iii) the nailing to the Cross, and (iv) the spearing of his side, it is only this last one which bears some resemblance to the eternal suffering of Prometheus' daily torment of an eagle devouring a replenishing organ, his liver, from his side. [11] M. L. West notes that surviving references suggest that there may have been significant differences between the Titanomachy epic and the account of events in Hesiod; and that the Titanomachy may be the source of later variants of the Prometheus myth not found in Hesiod, notably the non-Hesiodic material found in the Prometheus Bound of Aeschylus.[21]. [10], The oldest record of Prometheus is in Hesiod, but stories of theft of fire by a trickster figure are widespread around the world. [9] The suggestion that Prometheus was in origin the human "inventor of the fire-sticks, from which fire is kindled" goes back to Diodorus Siculus in the first century BC. The legend tried to explain the inexplicable. He was brother to Menoetius, Atlas, and Epimetheus. With Job, the suffering is at the acquiescence of heaven and at the will of the demonic, while in Prometheus the suffering is directly linked to Zeus as the ruler of Olympus. [55], In Georgian mythology, Amirani is a cultural hero who challenged the chief god and, like Prometheus, was chained on the Caucasian mountains where birds would eat his organs. NASA's Cassini spacecraft spied details on the pockmarked surface of Saturn's moon Prometheus (86 kilometers, or 53 miles across) during a moderately close flyby on Dec. 6, 2015. Both Argos and Opous claimed to be Prometheus' final resting place, each erecting a tomb in his honour. The Greek poet Hesiod related two principal legends concerning Prometheus. [36], It is understandable that since Prometheus was considered a Titan and not one of the Olympian gods that there would be an absence of evidence, with the exception of Athens, for the direct religious devotion to his worship. In the trick at Mecone (535–544), a sacrificial meal marking the "settling of accounts" between mortals and immortals, Prometheus played a trick against Zeus. Another example is found where the prototype of Prometheus is also recognisable in the early Christian era of late Roman antiquity. Moons of Saturn were originally named for Greco-Roman Titans and descendants of the Titans. In Act I, Prometheus, tortured on Jupiter’s orders for having given mankind the gift of moral freedom, recalls… José Clemente Orozco: Mature work and later years …to do a mural of Prometheus , Orozco temporarily abandoned social criticism and historical subjects in favour of a more universal theme: the self-sacrificing Titan from ancient Greek mythology who brings man fire. "Prometheus." NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft has captured these six infrared views of the Martian moon Phobos. According to Pausanias (2nd century AD), the torch relay, called lampadedromia or lampadephoria, was first instituted at Athens in honour of Prometheus. 5, S.99). Writing in the late British Renaissance, William Shakespeare uses the Promethean allusion in the famous death scene of Desdemona in his tragedy of Othello. Both were used for the more lengthy and elaborate compendium by the English scholar Alexander Neckman (1157–1217), the Scintillarium Poetarum, or Poetarius. [24] Lynch's general thesis concerns the rise of humanist and secular tendencies in Athenian culture and society which required the growth and expansion of the mythological and religious tradition as acquired from the most ancient sources of the myth stemming from Hesiod. Raggio then goes on to point out Plato's distinction of creative power (techne), which is presented as superior to merely natural instincts (physis). Jupiter has multiple moons, at least two of which, Io and Callisto, were inhabited by man by 2158. [26] As Bloom states, "Much critical attention has been paid to the question of theodicy in Aeschylus. Zeus in this case gets the help of Athena, Aphrodite, Hermes, the Graces and the Hours (59–76). In it the poet expands upon Zeus's reaction to Prometheus' deception. In addition to giving humanity fire, Prometheus claims to have taught them the arts of civilisation, such as writing, mathematics, agriculture, medicine, and science. Beall, E.F., "Hesiod's Prometheus and Development in Myth", Gisler, Jean-Robert. ", Loney, Alexander C. 2014. Guiding that effort are NASA test directors, or NTDs. Pandora took the great lid off the jar she carried, and evils, hard work, and disease flew out to plague humanity. Hynes, William J., and William G. Doty, eds. The intentional use of the German phrase "Da ich ein Kind war..." ("When I was a child"): the use of Da is distinctive, and with it Goethe directly applies the Lutheran translation of Saint Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians, 13:11: "Da ich ein Kind war, da redete ich wie ein Kind..." ("When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I became a man, I put away childish things").
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